Sustainability in bussiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supportability in bussiness - Essay Example This got followed up by a common pattern in industry with more individuals seeking after organizations as a way for their job. As this expansion came and organizations began to create and grow far and wide over the globe at a quick pace this lead to the period recently 90’s where creation and assembling of merchandise arrived at their pinnacles requiring extraction of crude materials in bounty prompting abundance creation of products squandering a ton of valuable assets. Additionally simultaneously numerous new tests were being given a shot in quest for designing or concocting items containing the X factor which will be sufficiently proficient to win incomes for the organization by pulling in scores of customers. Accordingly numerous model ventures headed towards the market with the comparable goals of picking up fame and quality in the market which had little spotlight on the structure and asset use as in that stretch little exploration and spotlight was focused on supportabi lity and successful use and usage of assets alongside no research organization set up to screen the natural and environmental impacts of these turns of events and creations. No exacting laws were there on which organizations and enterprises will undoubtedly follow in regards to social, practical and ecological issues as the period was about turn of events and exceeding expectations in the business. The customer had the purchasing power and were not worried about what procedures, strategies and advances are utilized for the creations of their ideal products. Buyers were all things considered worried about the medical problems identified with items and unfriendly impacts if not utilized appropriately. No other information relating to the assembling and creation forms were viewed as significant. Emerging PROBLEMS AND ISSUES: As this quick development and development of organizations and enterprises developed and dispatches of new merchandise and items proceeded with issues began to sur face which grabbed the eye of numerous tree huggers, businesspeople, industrialists and individuals. The earthy person began to see that throughout earlier century the creation and assembling plants everywhere throughout the world were working close to their full or practically full limits underway procedures. The result rose as an enormous increment in contamination rates in those locales where these mechanical destinations were found which influenced the natural condition as well as communicated concerning the wellbeing perils they may prompt in the more drawn out run. Specialists and industrialists began to communicate their interests in regards to cost of creation which began to increment because of higher creations costs and the costs of items rising which thusly diminished the purchasing intensity of the customers. The conundrum that surfaced here was that if less merchandise were created remembering the market pattern and purchasing power it would be expensive for the busines s while in the event that the fixation was centered around diminishing cost the creation, at that point the creation should have been in mass which would have two overlay negative effect. Initial one if creation would be in mass more assets and materials will be used and separated to deliver products affecting the earth yet giving less expensive merchandise to purchasers. The other calculate the creation mass with

Applications of Conics in Acoustics essays

Utilizations of Conics in Acoustics expositions Acoustic is characterized as of or identifying with sound, or the study of sound. Of the four significant conic areas, circles and parabolas can have uncommon applications in this science. Some basic uses of these are the utilization of curved shape for murmuring back streets and an allegorical shape in many speakers. are a similar good ways from a given point, called the center, and a given line, the directrix. The vertical line speaks to the directrix. The point marked F is the focal point of the parabola. The separations d1 and d2 are equivalent. The bend of a parabola causes any article that makes a trip from the concentration to the parabola to skip toward a path opposite to the directrix away from the parabola. This thusly causes any article or wave that comes into the parabola oppositely to the directrix to be ricocheted and reflected legitimately at the focal point of the parabola. Such intelligent properties can be particularly helpful in such gadgets as explanatory receptor and speakers. A speaker with an allegorical shape can begin the sound vibrations at the center, and afterward bob them off the dividers of the speaker to deliver focused and coordinated sound waves. The drawing shows how an approaching beam bobs from the parabola to the center, at that point away. This is likewise an exceptionally successful strategy to utilize when you need to extend a sound to a specific region. This procedure has numerous applications, for example, in show lobbies and halls. At the point when you need to extend a sound to a specific spot rather than a bigger territory, two parabolas are required. The main parabola mirrors the sound from its concentration in an orderly fashion to the subsequent parabola. This parabola will at that point get the sound waves, and they will all be reflected into the focal point of this parabola simultaneously. The intelligent properties of parabolas are likewise utilized in illustrative mouthpieces. Illustrative receivers go through this strategy to pick sound waves from exceptionally huge separations. For these amplifiers to w ... <!

Differences Between Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia

Differences Between Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Print Differences Between Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 14, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 06, 2020 PeopleImages/Getty Images More in Bipolar Disorder Symptoms Mania and Hypomania Depression Diagnosis Treatment Psychosis, which includes hallucinations and delusions, is a hallmark symptom of schizophrenia. People with bipolar I disorder can have psychotic symptoms during mania and/or depression, and those with bipolar II can have them during an episode of depression. So while bipolar disorder and schizophrenia can share a set of serious symptoms, when distinguishing between the two disorders, doctors look at the differences between symptoms and also give different weight to some of the shared symptoms. Symptoms of Schizophrenia These are the main symptoms of schizophrenia in adults:??  1. For most of a month, a patient must have two of these symptoms: DelusionsHallucinationsDisorganized speech â€" Derailment or incoherence (also known as word salad) where there is no connection between spoken words at all. For example, Coffee abstract welcome tiptoes glue kitchen puppy. If only one of these symptoms is present, one of the following must also appear: Extreme and abnormal psychomotor behavior, which includes catatoniaNegative symptomsAlogia â€" A reduction in the amount of speech or quality of speechFlattened affect â€" Having little or no emotionAnhedonia â€" Loss of pleasureAvolition â€" Severe lack of initiative 2. At the same time, theres a marked decrease in at least one important area of functioning, such as: WorkSchoolRelations with othersSelf-care, such as cleanliness In addition to the month of acute symptoms, the overall disturbance must have persisted for at least six months. Symptoms of Schizophrenia Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder None of the symptoms of delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech and behavior have to be present for someone to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, although they may be present. In fact, the only requirement for a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder is that the patient has had one manic episode; though depression is also common, it isnt required for a diagnosis.?? And for bipolar II, the requirements are almost as simple: no manic episodes, at least one hypomanic episode, and at least one major depressive episode. In bipolar disorder, another requirement is that the symptoms cause significant problems with occupational and/or social functioning. This is similar to number two under schizophrenia, but the reasons for the impairment are, in general, profoundly different. Most Common Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder Diagnostic Differences Heres a summary of the differences between the diagnostic requirements for the two illnesses: Diagnostic Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Schizophreniaâ€"Required Symptoms Bipolar Disorderâ€"Required Symptoms 1. Two or more of these symptoms:Required: Hallucinations or delusionsMay be required: Disorganized speech, abnormal psychomotor behavior, negative symptoms2. A significant decrease in the level of occupational, social, and/or personal functioning Bipolar I: A single manic episode, which may or may not include psychosisBipolar II: At least one hypomanic episode, and at least one major depressive episode (which may or may not include psychosis)Both: Clinically significant disruption with occupational and/or social functioning Schizophreniaâ€" Duration Bipolar Disorderâ€" Duration Overall, six months. During that time, the symptoms listed in #1 must be present most of the time for at least one month (can be less if early treatment succeeds in controlling them). Bipolar I: Manic episode lasting at least 1 week.Bipolar II: Hypomanic episode lasting at least 4 days, and depressive episode lasting at least 2 weeks. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Essay on Robert Frosts Poetry - 2181 Words

Robert Frosts Poetry Robert Frost said that a poem should begin in delight and end in wisdom Do you think that is true of the poems of Frost and the other nature poets you have studied? Frosts statement in the title is certainly true in some of his later poems and most nature poems, but in some cases, the wisdom comes first and delight is found at the end or, there is no delight only wisdom or, just delight or just wisdom. Not all poems abide by Frosts rule! The Pasture, being one of Frosts earlier poems, possibly was written before he made the statement in the title, as I am unable to find any wisdom hidden amid the lines, only a great deal of delight. The poem is written using iambic metre, with a clear rhythm. In†¦show more content†¦He then uses terms of endearment to describe the little calf that is standing by its mother that he is going to fetch. He takes delight in how it totters when its mother licks it with her tongue, he must have watched it with its mother many times to have noticed this happening. Again, he invites us to come too as he shant be long, I believe he takes delight in this as well. In Lawrences Self-Pity, the four lines he restricts himself to, clearly shows wisdom, I am unable to find any delight. His poem is about animals and their way of life, getting on with things, not feeling sorry for themselves; a bird will drop dead from a bough without ever having felt sorry for itself. I get the impression that he is comparing birds, which do not feel sorry for themselves, to humans that do. I believe that he is insinuating that humans should take a leaf out of natures book and get on with life, without feeling sorry for ones self. I agree that Selfsame Song, by T. Hardy, begins in delight, although its ending is verging on despair, rather than wisdom. Hardy opens this poem with his memories of a bird singing the Selfsame Song with never a fault in its flow. I get the impression he really loves the birds selfsame song and truly deems it flawless. By ending the first stanza with long years ago indicates that those lovely times have been, but now are gone. In the second stanza by including delightShow MoreRelatedAbandonment and Singularity in Robert Frosts Poetry.1463 Words   |  6 PagesSingularity in Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Census- Taker† Robert Frost’s approach to human isolation is always an interesting exploration. His poem of desertion and neglect paired with eternal hopefulness ignite the reader in his poem â€Å"The Census-Taker.† All of the elements of a Frost poem are in this particular poem. â€Å"The Census-Taker† must be from an earlier time in Frost’s career because the poem is written in an open, free verse similar to the style of his earlier 20th century poetry like â€Å"Mending Wall†Read MoreThe Presentation of Nature in Robert Frosts Poetry Essay743 Words   |  3 PagesThe Presentation of Nature in Robert Frosts Poetry Many of Robert Frosts poems contain the vital ingredient of nature. Frost uses nature as a metaphor, primarily, in his poems to express the intentions of his poems. He uses nature as a background metaphor in which he usually begins a poem with an observation of something in nature and then moves towards a connection to some human situation. He uses rural landscapes, homely farmers and the natural world to illustrateRead More Robert Frosts Use of Nature in Poetry Essay2053 Words   |  9 PagesRobert Frosts Use of Nature in Poetry Robert Frost, an American poet of the late 19th century, used nature in many of his writings. Frost was very observant of nature, he often used it to represent the emotion of his characters in his poetry. I will use West-Running Brook and Once by the Pacific to demonstrate Frosts use of nature in his writings. Robert Frost was born March 26, 1874 in San Francisco (American Writers 150). In 1885, the dying request of his father took FrostRead MoreThe injustice Within Tess of the D’Urbervilles and in Robert Frosts Poetry1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe injustice within Tess of the D’Urbervilles (1881) and Robert Frost’s poetry is unjustified and causes major suffering to those illustrated in both the novel and the poetry. Numerous variations of injustice are portrayed within these works such as; social injustice, religious injustice and moral injustice. These injustices often combine together to form an upsurge of ill-treatment within the characters’ lives. Furthermore, Frost’s poems often address heavy topic matters such as suicide, childRead MoreEssay about The Psychology of Robert Frost’s Nature Poetry3064 Words   |  13 PagesThe Psychology of Robert Frost’s Nature Poetry Robert Frost’s nature poetry occupies a significant place in the poetic arts; however, it is likely Frost’s use of nature is the most misunderstood aspect of his poetry. While nature is always present in Frost’s writing, it is primarily used in a â€Å"pastoral sense† (Lynen 1). This makes sense as Frost did consider himself to be a shepherd. Frost uses nature as an image that he wants us to see or a metaphor that he wants us to relate to on a psychologicalRead MoreGood and Evil in Robert Frosts Poetry Essay521 Words   |  3 Pagesis controlled by gods and goddess, animals, the sun, every single human on earth or nothing at all. With so many ways to interpret our existence, there are billions of ideas, ranging from the inanely simple to the thoroughly convoluted. But Robert Frost’s theory, published in the early 1900s, remains one of the most compelling. In his poem Design, Frost illustrates the contrast between evil the good in nature, and offers his own commentary as to who is truly in control. In the first stanzaRead MoreEssay about The Dark Side of Humanity Exposed in Robert Frosts Poetry991 Words   |  4 PagesHumanity Exposed in Robert Frosts Poetry Robert Frost is often referred to as a poet of nature. Words and phrases such as fire and ice, flowers in bloom, apple orchards and rolling hills, are all important elements of Frosts work. These ‘benign objects provide an alternative way to look at the world and are often used as metaphors to describe a darker view of nature and humans. In Frosts poetry, the depth is as important as the surface. The darker aspects of Frosts poetry are often portrayedRead MoreComparison of Robert Frosts and Seamus Heaney’s poetry, Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesIn Seamus Heaney’s poetry, there is a recurring theme of his talking of the past, and more predominantly about significant moments in time, where he came to realisations that brought him to adulthood. In â€Å"Death of a Naturalist† Heaney describes a moment in his childhood where he learnt that nature was not as beautiful as seem to be when he was just a naive child. Heaney does this on a deeper level in â€Å"Midt erm Break† describes his experience of his younger brothers funeral and the mixed, confusingRead MoreRobert Frost Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesRobert Frost Robert Frost is one of the few twentieth century poets to receive critical acclaim and popular acceptance (Magill 728). His simplistic style appeals to the novice and expert poetry reader alike. Robert Frosts understated emotional appeal attracts readers of all literary levels. Frost develops subtly stated emotions and a clever use of imagery in his poetry. Influences on his poetry include his family, work, and other life experiences (Oxford 267). Frost also works to developRead MoreRobert Frost s Writing Style1589 Words   |  7 Pages Robert Frost once said, â€Å"The figure a poem makes. It begins in delight and ends in wisdom... in a clarification of life - not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are founded on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (Robert Frost Quotes). This same kind of thinking opened the door for metaphorical poetry that helped to show the poets transparency. His love for the social outcast and the struggles of his life are exhibited greatly in his poems. Robert Frost helped

A Film Comparison of The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951)...

A Film Comparison of The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951) and Independence Day (1996) The Day the Earth stood still and Independence Day were both made by 20th century fox. This company used to be one of the main 5 in the 50’s, and is a well – known conglomerate company, recognised for their Sci-fi genre. Star wars and X-files are two other of their best-known productions. The institution that made the films is one similarity; the main difference in the films is the historical context. 20th century fox made ‘The Day the Earth stood still’ in the 1950’s, the decade in which sci-fi films were at their peak. It was post world war 2, where people first had to live with the reality of nuclear wars and†¦show more content†¦Changes had to be made to update the genre, however the iconography had to remain the same so that the genre didn’t lose its identity. For example, the title sequences are very similar to each other, with spaceships coming to Earth, however Independence Day almost mocks the sci-fi genre. There is simple camera work and special effects in The day the Earth stood still, unlike the technological advances used in Independence day. Both films use the typical mis en scene of spaceships, aliens, and eerie music, however Independence Day does not need to use as much as the genre is already established and peo ple find it easy to recognise. Independence Day uses the aliens as evil beings, whereas the aliens in The day the Earth stood still come in peace and are only forced to fight when the Americans use violence on them. Due to its historical context The day the Earth stood still uses stereotypical representations of gender, age and race, such as weak women, boisterous boys, the representation of the British, Indian and French characters. It is very male dominated with only one female character in the film, a mother. It is shown by Morley that it is safe to use men in films as women can accept men, yet men cannot accept to watch films with female dominance. However, in Independence Day the aliens come to attack and women are represented as much moreShow MoreRelatedPrimary Sector of Economy17717 Words   |  71 Pages135th; 2011)[1]$3,703 (PPP: 127th; 2011)[1] | GDP by sector | agriculture: 18.1%, industry: 26.3%, services: 55.6% (2011 est.) | Inflation (CPI) | 6.95% (February 2012)[2] | Population below poverty line | 37% (2010) (Note:42% live less than $1.25 a day)[3] | Gini coefficient | 36.8 (List of countries) | Labour force | 487.6 million (2011 est.) | Labour force by occupation | agriculture: 52%, industry: 14%, services: 34% (2009 est.) | Unemployment | 9.8% (2011 est.)[4] | Average gross salary |Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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Evaluate the Impact of China’s Accession to the WTO on the world economy Free Essays

string(96) " fell by just 2%, to 40%, until 2001, but has subsequently halved from 40% to 20% in 2007-2010\." Introduction Background In 1978, when a series of reforms aimed at economic development and opening to world trade were made, China used these to become one of the largest economies in the world by the time of their accession to the WTO in 2001. Just prior to these major reforms, China was the world’s thirty-second ranked exporter country. By 1989 it was the world’s thirteenth largest trading nation. We will write a custom essay sample on Evaluate the Impact of China’s Accession to the WTO on the world economy or any similar topic only for you Order Now [1] During this time China had joined the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Prior to this, in the period 1949-1978, China was fully committed to Communist economic policies and pursued a Socialist heavy industry development strategy. Consumption was not at an optimal level, much of the economy was under state control and spare resources were used for the building of new factories. There were numerous trade barriers, with tariffs on most goods, tight import controls and import quotas. China therefore had a very closed economy, until the Chinese leadership decided to take a more pragmatic approach by introducing elements of capitalism to promote economic growth. The 1978 reforms led to an enormous increase in China’s total value of trade, with average annual percentage growth rates in the mid-teens, leading to huge inflows of foreign direct and portfolio investment. The significant export-led strategy was a key factor in the impressive rates of growth and lifted millions of people above the poverty line. The nature of China’s trade preferences also changed dramatically, with a (fast-track) industrialisation not too dissimilar to the one seen by the developed world in the 18th and 19th Century. In 1978 over half of China’s exports were primary commodities—a figure that later fell to 5 per cent. Exports of manufactured goods, just 46 per cent of the total in 1978, more than doubled to 95 per cent, with over 30 per cent of that being new and high-tech products.[2] Why did China join the WTO China formally became a member of the WTO on December 11, 2001. Its accession is particularly note-worthy because although China was a part of the General Agreement on Tariffs (GATT) its readmission to the multi-lateral trading system took 15 years from its submission in 1986 to its accession in 2001. Of course, this had much to do with the legacy of the Communist revolution in China in 1949. A significant motive for China joining the WTO was the negative effects were it not to join. Whilst the economy may have benefited from protection in the short run, it would have been a hindrance in the long run because of the trade and structural advantages that the economy would be closed off from. Also, with the UK and the United States having such a powerful influence in the WTO and other world organisations, China could see itself suffering sanctions because of political issues (eg human rights) if they refused to join. Furthermore, if China excluded itself from world trade and stayed in its Communist ‘bubble’ it would not be possible for it to influence a world centred mainly on Capitalism. So, in order to have a major influence in policy-making, China needed to join the key organisations. This would help protect its interests and prevent economic policies being forced upon it without it having any input, such as agricultural trade issues. Thirdly, prominent Chinese leaders believed that without an external disciplinary organisation, the economic progress that China had seen for the past few decades may start to plateau because of vested interests and corruption. The WTO would provide pressure to implement new reforms and maintain economic advancement. Then, if the economy subsequently deteriorated, the Chinese government would be able to blame outside influences, such as the WTO. The WTO would also lead to significant economic benefits, specifically through world trade. WTO entry would allow China to gain greater market access for its exports to Europe, Japan and the United States, especially in the clothing and textile industries. Also, as the economy was experiencing a slowdown in the late 1990s, joining the WTO would provide a positive injection, with some economists forecasting additional growth of 2% pa, creating 10 to 15 million jobs. During the period prior to WTO membership, foreign direct investment (FDI) decreased year-on-year, which helps explain China’s eagerness to join the WTO. There was a need for new investment from Europe and the US that China could direct into improving its service sector to supplement manufacturing exports into Asian markets. Finally, China may also have had an ulterior motive in joining the WTO in order to strengthen its economic and political ties with Taiwan. WTO membership for both countries would increase trade and could have potentially initiated new talks about political integration. In any event, if relations between the two countries deteriorated, the WTO could act as a mediator. China’s initiatives prior and since joining the WTO – commitments it has given to the WTO Once China opened its economy to world trade in 1979, it has centrally managed its trade policies, starting with complex import and export controls and trade barriers in the 1980s, and subsequently relaxing these with significant tariff reductions on the majority of goods to facilitate joining the WTO. This, along with domestic price liberalisation, ensured that domestic prices of most traded good were consistent with world prices by the mid-1990s. Provided China implements its WTO commitments in accordance with the agreed timetable, China will become ever more integrated into the world economy and the resultant growth in global trade will benefit other WTO countries as well. The above table of average tariff rates since 1997 demonstrates how China has opened up to trade from worldwide markets. In all sectors, apart from a couple of agricultural-based ones – feed grains and plant fibres – average tariff rates have fallen, with the greatest rates of decline occurring since China’s WTO accession in 2001. For example, the sugar tariff fell by just 2%, to 40%, until 2001, but has subsequently halved from 40% to 20% in 2007-2010. You read "Evaluate the Impact of China’s Accession to the WTO on the world economy" in category "Essay examples" Beverages and tobacco have also seen a huge reduction in their protection, which can only be positive for net exporting developing economies worldwide. China’s willingness to lower its trade barriers and open its markets will result in higher inward direct investment capital flows. The extent of China’s protectionism mostly extends to tariffs now. This is because as part of preparing for WTO accession, its leaders agreed to eradicate the use of import quotas, licences, designated trading practices and other non-tariff barriers. Unlike the continual tariff reductions on traded goods over a number of years, China’s service sector, which has previously experienced virtually no foreign competition, will see a large increase in transparency with the rest of the world. Liberalisation of licensing in these sectors will, in the long run, ensure full access to foreign businesses, such as in the telecommunications industry which is currently run by state-owned enterprises. Other than market-access commitments, the WTO conditions for accession included the national treatment and non discrimination principles, which are included in the Trade-Related Investment Measures and (TRIMs) and Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). While most trade commitments mainly affect foreign trade, compliance with these commitments are more likely to impact on the domestic market with greater foreign investment through the removal of inter-border barriers and a more stable business environment, including clearly defined intellectual property rights. China’s implementation of its WTO commitments has caused very little contention within the WTO since its accession. The Transitional Review Mechanism (TRM) was set up to review China’s compliance with its commitments. Although issues have been raised by China’s trading partners in certain areas, no official complaint has been made against China and any problems that have arisen have been the result of teething problems rather than outright non-compliance. Affect of China’s membership on the WTO as an institution When China joined the WTO, it was assumed that it would not be content with being a normal member because of its growing size and that China would act accordingly by taking an aggressive stance in policy-making. Furthermore, at the time of accession, the Doha Round of trade negotiations were about to take place and China was expected to have a substantial influence on the outcome of these talks. In reality, although China and other developing countries have had issues with developed nations, the failure of the Doha Round can be attributed to a number of issues, most notably contention between the US and the EU over the use of export subsidies in agriculture. In general terms, most trading partners within the WTO have looked favourably on the impact of China, with one Japanese spokesman saying that China’s accession to the WTO was the most important trade event of the century.[4] Despite this, Japan, along with the EU and the US, had concerns over trade regimes in the automotive industry and the lack of transparency of rules and regulations in the Chinese domestic market. However, after five years of membership, most WTO members seemed to accept that China was still committed to implementing its WTO commitments and that China was no more a ‘special’ member than anyone else. This was shown by the Trade Policy Review (TPR) in April 2006, where China was recognised as a member that had benefited greatly from the accession and was fully committed to the stalling Doha Round Trade Negotiations. A major trading power such as China, with a huge export capacity and domestic market is bound to find some frictions within the WTO. When disputes have arisen, China has made a substantial effort to resolve them before a formal complaint has needed to be made. Also, China has not instigated many disputes against other members, which can only help to build positive relationships within the WTO. Where China has acted disappointingly is in the Doha Round, where it was anticipated that it would have taken a more significant role but, instead, it initially left Brazil and India to take a leading role in representing developing countries. Finally, in July 2008, during the WTO mini-ministerial in Geneva, China stood up and joined a core group of 6 countries that was attempting to remove restrictions on trade in agriculture and industrial goods. Its first success, together with India, was to retain an important â€Å"special safeguard mechanism† that protects both countries from agricultural imports and resisted efforts for them to lower their cotton tariffs on imports from the US. China has therefore finally come to the table to play a major role in the Doha Round, but its approach has been more defensive, particularly for service industries, rather than pragmatic.[5] In view of its dominant position in world trade, it is important that China now steps up and joins with the other two large developing economies, Brazil and India, and the US and EU, to make key decisions regarding market access rights and to tighten the rules of the WTO. Affect of WTO Membership on China’s Internal Reform Programme China’s mixed record in the WTO should be seen, above all, in the context of market reforms at home post-WTO accession. The overriding advantage of WTO accession to China is that it has sustained the earlier sweeping unilateral reforms, made China’s trade-and-investment regulations more transparent and predictable, and given China a long-term stake in multilateral rules[6]. But with its home in Geneva, the WTO cannot direct the reforms in Beijing. In recent years, the national reform engine has decreased and industrial-policy interventions have increased because of this. At the same time, China has increasingly used Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) to its advantage, especially with other countries in East Asia. Affect on Exports and Imports Global Impact There has been a remarkable shift in China’s share of global trade since WTO accession. On imports, the US still has the highest share, but this is declining and stood at 14.2% in 2007. Conversely, China’s share rose from 3.6% in 2000 to 6.7% in 2007, and they are projected to take second place from Germany. This trend is expected to continue while China continues to globalize, as more than half of imports to China are raw materials used to produce goods for domestic consumption and exports. On exports, the situation is even more dramatic, as China moved into top position by the end of 2009 (see following chart[7]) having lagged considerably behind the major developed nations in 2001. The chart below illustrates how far China’s contribution to world trade has advanced compared with other â€Å"second division† countries from 1985 to 2009, measured by each country’s share of total global imports and exports.[8] Asia China’s accession to the WTO will have a considerable affect on the economies of Asia and will present both challenges and opportunities for them. Over the coming years, China will continue to improve its business environment and lower tariffs, which will lead to increased access to China’s domestic markets, both for foreign trade and direct investment. This should lower transaction and input costs, while the increase in exports from China should lower the price of imports for the rest of Asia, particularly its trading partners. The table above shows the restrictive effect that China’s tariff policy had on its global imports following the opening of trade in 1979 until its WTO accession in 2001 and then the subsequent increases in the immediate period thereafter. Post-2001, Asian countries had the largest share of their exports going to China and the highest growth rate of exports to China since 1980. This is especially true of South Korea, whose exports to China grew from 0% in 1990 to 16.2% in 2003. Going forward, China’s reduction in protection measures will lower its input costs and result in lower export prices that will increase its competitiveness as an efficient supplier of goods. The benefits of this for Asian countries will be increased output and welfare because they can source cheaper Chinese imports and use them for intermediate inputs in their own secondary and tertiary industries. There have, however, been some negative effects on the trade position of countries in South Asia associated with China’s accession to the WTO. This is because developing countries such as Thailand are in direct competition with China for exports of certain goods, especially the clothing and textile industry. China’s higher comparative advantage in these labour intensive industries (due to lower wages and other input costs) will mean that products from other Asian countries will become less attractive to developed nations such as the EU and the United States. Therefore, whilst China can expect to see its export growth continue, other developing countries in Asia and elsewhere are likely to see a reduction in their exports as a result of China’s improved competitiveness. The EU and the United States The main effects that China’s accession will have on the EU and the United States are in their agricultural export industries. At the time of accession, the US had a 27% market share, while the EU only accounted for 4% of China’s agri-food imports. However this is a massively growing industry for the EU and this figure has been rising ever since as a result of the sharp tariff reductions, making EU food more competitive. Another reason for China’s growth in demand for imports is that, as a result of sustained economic growth, the Chinese public have more disposable income to spend on exotic foreign foods. It is the growing Chinese domestic market that provides ample opportunity for the US to increase its exports however. Many of these goods may be made in China, because distance and lead times mean companies cannot serve every customer in China from a US base but these product and service sales require design or service support, or component supply, from US facil ities, which will strengthen US companies’ core operations and employment. However, China will generally choose to source imports on the basis of price. This means that the US and the EU need to keep their respective exports cheap in order to stay competitive otherwise they won’t see the benefits of China’s accession. The US also has the problem of high transportation costs. Because of the need to keep prices as low as possible, the strength of the dollar, the Euro and the Pound will also become increasingly important to stay competitive. This is because of foreign competitors such as Canada, Australia and the rest of Asia, as well as competition amongst themselves. The opportunity for the EU and the United States to benefit from rising trade with China and the subsequent fall in trade barriers meant that both were very receptive to China’s membership of the WTO. China’s motivation to join the WTO also meant that the EU and the United States, as powerful members, could ensure that the terms for China’s accession were made favourable to their imports and exports. This was shown by the EU-China Trade Agreement in 2000 and the US-China Trade Agreement in 1999. Is the emergence of China onto the global stage a threat to the US economy’s dominanceYes, but only far into the future. The US economy is over twice the size of China’s and, on a per capita basis, nearly twelve times bigger. From mid-2007, the European Commission has adopted a more confrontational tone in EU-China trade discussions. A major source of tension is the EU’s widening trade deficit with China, which Commissioner Mandelson referred to as a â€Å"policy time bomb†. It rose from roughly EUR 50 billion in 2001 to around EUR 170 billion in 2006, a more than threefold increase. [10] Thus, the gap between the EU and US’s trade deficits with China (USD 256 billion in 2007) is narrowing. However, there is an important difference between the US and EU current-account deficits: the EU’sdeficit is not a concern in terms of GDP (around 0.5 per cent of EU-27 GDP), whereas the US deficit is much higher at 5-6 per cent of GDP. However, the focus on the EU-China trade deficit is perhaps overstated, as Germany’s trade surplus, for example, is higher than China’s. Furthermore, while the EU-China trade deficit has been increasing, the EU’s trade deficit with the rest of the world has decreased– from EUR 93 billion in 2000 to EUR 66 billion in 2006.[11] Many imports into the EU now come via China, rather than directly from their home countries. This is particularly the case for nine large trading partners with the EU: the USA, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand[12]. Since 1999, Europe has increased its imports from China, but taken relatively less from the USA and the rest of Asia. So, the major difference between today and the 1990s is that the EU global trade deficit is concentrated mostly on China rather than being spread over the whole of Asia. The EU-China trade deficit is a manifestation of the development of trade flows and production locations, with China becoming a base where primary inputs from other countries are manufactured and re-exported. That includes the intra-firm tr ade and global supply chains of EU-based companies. China has gained a comparative advantage in low-tech, labour-intensive industries such as clothing and toys. But its final-assembly exports of products made during the assembly of primary inputs have been growing even faster (Athukorala and Hill, 2008). Conventional trade theory suggests the EU-China trade deficit is essentially nothing to worry about. China is simply utilising its comparative advantage in unskilled, labour-intensive manufacturing. Impact on the BRICS China’s progress within the global economy can be measured in comparison with the other countries in the BRICS. Although China ranked only 83rd in the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Index for 2007, this represented a significant improvement over the previous few years and clearly ahead of Russia, India, Brazil and Indonesia. For â€Å"trading across borders† it is way ahead of South Africa, Russia and India[13]. China also occupies 48th position in the World Economic Forum’s new Enabling Trade Index (which uses commercial infrastructure, market access and the business environment to measure a country’s encouragement of trade), higher than South Africa (59th), India (71st), Brazil (80th) and Russia (103rd). China increased its position in the world rankings for trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) very quickly, moving above Japan, to become the world’s third largest trading nation, with 7% of world trade by 2006 (7.7% of goods trade and 3.5% of services trade). China’s trade-to-GDP ratio had reached 70%, considerably above Brazil and India, and for such a populous country to have this kind of ratio is extremely rare. China has a 2.4% share of global inward FDI, which is again higher than the other BRIICS and has been the second largest recipient of FDI in the world since 2000, with China’s outward FDI also growing at an increasing rate.[14] Thus, China has moved ahead of most developing countries and the other BRICs in generating economic growth, and perhaps more importantly, large amounts of employment, poverty reduction and improvements in human welfare, especially in urban areas. High investment and saving rates have been the cause of this, but trade and FDI have also been very important during the expansion of labour-intensive manufactured exports. Having said that, China still has high regulatory barriers that waste resources, restrict internal trade and generally stifle domestic sources of growth. The onus is now on China to reduce these barriers in order to maintain their high economic performance levels. Affect on Comparative Advantage China, like other South Asian countries, gained a comparative advantage in many consumption goods by having an abundant supply of labour which drove down wage prices. This led developed countries to become concerned with their own comparative advantages disappearing when exporting, as Paul Samuelson wrote: Growth in the rest of the world can hurt you if it takes place in sectors that compete with your exports[15]. So, to protect against this, the United States in particular has imposed import quotas in order to limit the amount of Chinese imports coming into the US. However, there seems to be substantial evidence to the contrary for the past 25 years, with advanced countries slightly increasing their annual % change in terms of trade and developing countries’ falling. The diagram above shows the effect of what would happen if China flooded the international markets with goods that they have a comparative advantage in. The world supply curve would shift outwards from S to S’ giving a higher quantity (Q’) and a lower price (P’). This would have a positive effect on the countries importing these types of goods but would negatively affect the comparative advantage of export-competing countries in Asia. The assumption that China would shift huge amounts of resources into this export industry as a result of trade liberalisation would depend on how long the gestation period of investment lasts. As is usually the case, product development, retraining and improved market position take time, so in the short run the other developing countries should not be markedly adversely affected. Furthermore, it is generally assumed in the literature that the clothing and textile sectors produce homogeneous products that give China an immediate advantage in world trade. This is not strictly the case because there can be variants in different types of clothing for both men and women. This would suggest that countries could specialise in one type, which would mean that China does not need to have the same effect on other countries that it might if all the products were homogeneous. Impact of China’s Foreign Currency Reserves The differences in growth and consumption between the countries that borrowed and consumed too much during the years before the latest financial crisis (the US, UK and most countries in southern and central Europe) and those that generated excess savings and output (including China, Germany, Japan and the oil exporters) have created global imbalances and present major challenges. China powered its economy by increasing exports to US consumers, whilst manipulating the global currency markets to limit market forces that would normally have restricted its export growth. The Chinese government forced companies to sell their dollar and euro export earnings into Yuan at artificially low exchange rates. So, the central bank accumulated a large part of the country’s export earnings rather than allowing them to be recycled and spent on foreign consumer goods and investments. China’s foreign reserves have grown from $500 billion in 2000 to more than $4 trillion now. This money has been used to buy US treasuries, issued to fund US budget deficits which financed further consumption on Chinese exports. There were hopes that a by-product of the 2007-9 financial crisis would be a gradual reduction in these global imbalances. The credit crunch should clearly lead to lower consumption in the high-debt economies but for the global imbalances to be re-balance din a lasting way, it will be necessary for producing countries to make equal changes to their output. To date, the evidence is that consumption has weakened but the export dependent economies, especially Germany and China, are not taking action to lower their trade surpluses through lower exports or to significantly increase their own consumption leading to higher import levels. Chinese officials are talking of the need to rebalance the economy in favour of domestic growth, particularly of household consumption, but all that appears to mean currently is that China will not seek to increase its trade surplus any further from the level of $300-$400 billion in 2008-9, compared with only $70 billion 4 years earlier. Other countries appear to have accepted that China’s policy of maximising exports and accumulating foreign reserves is a fact of life. The IMF is forecasting that China’s trade surplus will narrow only marginally from 10% of GDP to 9.4% in 2014. Given that the Chinese economy is almost certain to grow during this period; this implies that the trade surplus will continue to expand. If the indebted countries do decide to curb consumption and reduce their national debt levels, the trade surpluses will have to shrink. The immediate post-crisis consensus was that the US would return to its role as the world’s largest consumer and borrower, but politically the US government and public are likely to prevent this. Instead, government policies and business strategies are likely to be redirected towards promoting export-led growth. A good example is GE, which became the world’s largest non-bank financial institution, but is now reinventing itself as a global produce r of high-value investment goods. The result should be that growth in the US and UK will be stronger than expected and they will start to capture market share from export-dependent economies, assisted by a depreciating currencies. However, tensions will then emerge as China and Germany will do their utmost to maintain their trade surpluses which will then put pressure on other trading nations, especially developing countries that naturally compete with China and the weaker members of the Eurozone, to protect their export share. So, either way, the world economy faces problems due to China’s success in growing its share of global trade, which accelerated following China’s WTO membership. If the imbalances widen, concerns will intensify about the international debt of debtor nations and trade protectionist measures that would weaken global trade growth will become increasingly likely. Or, in the more realistic scenario of lower deficits in these countries, China will be forced to accept lower trade surpluses or take market share from smaller economies. In the absence of action by China, the major deficit countries will have to seriously consider deliberate currency depreciation or tariff protection to reduce their trade deficit. Protectionist measures by the US could result in a ruinous international trade war or even in threats by the Chinese government to sell some of its massive holdings of US treasury bonds, which would risk destabilising financial market. To avoid this, there would need to be a coordinated approach by many governments to change macroeconomic policies. It wouldn’t be necessary that all trade deficits are eliminated but western governments would need to accept that market forces by themselves are insufficient and that trade and currency management policies are acceptable tools to redress the situation. China, Japan and the other planned economies, for their part, would have to accept a bigger role for market forces in economic management. This has started changing already – the broader G20 group of nations has emerged as a more credible forum for international negotiations than the G7 group of industrialised countries, and the IMF is looking into how inconsistencies in national economic policies and trade objectives should be tackled. Impact of China’s Exchange Rate Unlike most large manufacturing-based economies, China, instead of making use of a floating exchange rate system, has historically either pegged its currency, the Yuan, to the US dollar or at least managed it to generally mirror movements in the US dollar. This had led to accusations that the Yuan is consistently undervalued on the world market, as the normal market reaction to China’s enormous trade balance would be for its currency to appreciate. The undervalued Yuan has had a significant positive effect on China’s manufacturing exports because foreign companies have been able to obtain products which benefit not only from lower labour costs but also the undervalued currency; both of which create more employment opportunities. This has allowed China to build up a trade surplus and a substantial amount of international reserves. Having been through the 1997 Asian Crisis, China like other Asian economies welcomes the security of a trade surplus rather than a trade deficit. Also, the exchange rate encourages large foreign direct investment inflows into the Chinese economy, which further stimulates economic growth. The implications this has for the WTO is that while Chinese exports become cheaper, this may result in anti-dumping claims from other countries. In addition, as imports into China become more expensive, this could act as a form of import control, limiting imports; which would somewhat offset the effects of China’s tariff commitments to the WTO. This is an accusation that has been levelled at China by the US and EU in the past few years. The presence of this â€Å"import control† would curtail the effectiveness of the EU and US expanding export trade policy that I mentioned earlier, that should be the natural consequence of China’s WTO accession. On the other hand, there are some positives for the rest of the world as a result of a lower value of the Yuan, especially cheap manufactured goods to the US and EU. This is because, if the Yuan rose in value, more money as a proportion of income would have to be spent on manufactured goods, leaving less available for other goods and services. The most likely effect is that the US and EU economies would contract by more than the rise in their manufacturing output due to improved comparative advantage. So the overall welfare, at least in the manufacturing sector, is likely to be higher with a managed lower valued Yuan than a higher valued floating Yuan. Commentary on Recent Developments In December 2010, the WTO ruled that the 35% duties imposed by the US on Chinese tyre imports in 2009 were justified. This is a rare example of a formal WTO ruling involving China. It was evident at the third annual BRICS leaders meeting held in China in April 2011 that it is fast becoming a China-denominated forum, with the potential for China to drive its global agenda outside of interference from the US. China is the BRICS natural leader, as each country has c12% of its trade with China but only c3% with the other BRICS members.[16] China championed the inclusion of South Africa as the newest member, even though it lags other emerging economies, as a representative of the African continent, with which China now has a large and rapidly expanding interest. Although China experienced a surprise trade deficit of US$1bn in the first quarter of 2011, it recovered with a strong monthly surplus of US$111.4bn in April, with Chinese exports increasing by 35% compared with April 2010 and imports up 12%.[17] This demonstrates that China is still benefiting from a weak exchange rate and could tolerate a stronger currency, and international pressure to allow this is sure to intensify. Chinese officials have regularly stated a greater willingness for this to happen, which will help tackle rising inflation levels. Concluding Remarks The accession to the WTO of a country such as China, which is set to become the world’s largest economy, can only be seen as a positive move for global trade developments in the long run. The main distracting issues, such as trade deflection with other, smaller developing countries, should decline over time. This is because China seems to be making a conscious effort to conform to the rules and institutions of the WTO, which is in the interests of both itself and all the other members within the WTO. Also, the current global imbalances, thought by many alarmist economists to be a threat to global financial stability, are not actually a major cause of the current financial crisis and could correct themselves as a result of inter-temporal preferences. Therefore, provided China continues to make concessions on its import barriers and restrictions on access to its internal market, the positive effects should be far reaching, especially within the EU and the United States. Bibliography Books Growth and Development, Eighth Edition, Palgrave Macmillan A.P. Thirlwall International Economics, 8th Edition, Pearson International Krugman and Obstfield Capitalism 4.0 The Birth of a New Economy, Bloomsbury 2010 Anatole Kaletsky. Journals China’s Role in the World Trade Organisation and the Doha Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations Andrew L. Stoler, former Deputy Director-General of the World Trade Organization (1999-2002) Foreign Trade and Economic Reform in China, 1978-1990, Cambridge University Press Nichols R. Lardy Elements of a sustainable trade strategy for China, Long Q Mark Halle Impact of China’s WTO Accession on East Asia Elena Ianchovichina1 and Terrie Walmsley IMF Working Paper, China: International Trade and WTO Accession March 2004 Thomas Rumbaugh and Nicolas Blancher China’s Trade Policy Post-WTO Accession: Focus on China-EU Relations, European Centre for International Political Economy (ECIPE) September 2010. Fredrik Erixon, Patrick Messerlin and Razeen Sally China and the Doha Development Agenda: Working paper prepared for the 2009 WTO Forum, Geneva September 2009 Chin Leng Lim. Financial Times: Various reports and articles [1] Nichols R. Lardy, Foreign Trade and Economic Reform in China, 1978-1990, Cambridge University Press [2] Mark Halle, Elements of a sustainable trade strategy for China, Long Q [3] Impact of China’s WTO Accession on East Asia, Elena Ianchovichina1 and Terrie Walmsley, April 2003 [4] Andrew L. Stoler, China’s Role in the World Trade Organisation and the Doha Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations, pg. 4 [5] Fredrik Erixon, Patrick Messerlin and Razeen Sally, China’s Trade Policy Post-WTO Accession: Focus on China-EU Relations, pg.10 [6] Fredrik Erixon, Patrick Messerlin and Razeen Sally, China’s Trade Policy Post-WTO Accession: Focus on China-EU Relations, pg.10 [7] â€Å"China’s export prospects: Fear of the dragon†. The Economist 7th January, 2010 [8] Starmass International (Chinese market research company) http://www.starmass.com/china_review/global_economy/major_countries_imports.htm [9] IMF Working Paper, China: International Trade and WTO Accession pg16, T Rumbaugh and N Blancher March 2004 [10] Fredrik Erixon, Patrick Messerlin and Razeen Sally, China’s Trade Policy Post-WTO Accession: Focus on China-EU Relations, pg.20 [11] Fredrik Erixon, Patrick Messerlin and Razeen Sally, China’s Trade Policy Post-WTO Accession: Focus on China-EU Relations, pg.21 [12] Fredrik Erixon, Patrick Messerlin and Razeen Sally, China’s Trade Policy Post-WTO Accession: Focus on China-EU Relations, pg.21 [13] Fredrik Erixon, Patrick Messerlin and Razeen Sally, China’s Trade Policy Post-WTO Accession: Focus on China-EU Relations, pg.3 [14] Fredrik Erixon, Patrick Messerlin and Razeen Sally, China’s Trade Policy Post-WTO Accession: Focus on China-EU Relations, pg.3 [15] Krugman and Obstfield, International Economics,8th Edition, pg. 98 [16] Jamil Anderlini, Financial Times 14 April, 2011 [17] Jamil Anderlini, Financial Times 10 May, 2011 How to cite Evaluate the Impact of China’s Accession to the WTO on the world economy, Essay examples

Informative Outline About Coco Chanel free essay sample

Presentation Outline Fundamentals of Oral Communication Topic: Coco Chanel General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: By the end of my speech the audience will know better about Coco Chanel. Thesis: Coco Chanel brought the world of high fashion to the masses. Introduction I. Does anyone know what this logo is? A. I am assuming most of women in this room know what this is. B. This is Chanel logo, one of the most famous fashion brand in the world. C. A lot of women know Chanel and they are fascinated of Chanel products, but how many people know about Coco Chanel, the first designer of Chanel? II. Today, I am going to inform my audience about who Coco Chanel was, and her famous fashion product lines. III. Thesis statement: Coco Chanel brought the world of high fashion to the masses. Transition: Now, let’s begin with who Coco Chanel was. Body I. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Outline About Coco Chanel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Who is Coco Chanel? A. She is a successful woman who overcame being an orphan. 1. Coco was born out of wedlock in the French town of Saumur in the Loire Valley on 19 August 1883 ( De La Haye, 2005). a. Coco was sent to an orphanage with her two sisters when her mom died of asthma at her age twelve, and her father left his children. b. In 1900, at her age seventeenth, she left the orphanage and attended the local convent school in Moulins (South of France) (De La Haye, 2005). c. Having been taught to sew by her aunts, her sister and she found work as dressmakers, assisting Monsieur Henri Desboutin of the House of Grampayre( De La Haye, 2005) 2. By 1903, Chanel moved to Paris and had become the mistress of a well-to-do young military officer, Etinenne Balsan (J. Baughman (Ed. ), 2001). a. She started designing hats for her friends. b. Around 1910 Balsan and her lover Capel helped Chanel set up a millinery shop at 21 rue Cambon in Paris (J. Baughman (Ed. ), 2001). c. Her Simple, elegant hats charmed the society women to whom Balsan and Capel introduced her, and by 1915 she was able to open additional shops in the resort towns of Deauville and Biarritz, France (J. Baughman (Ed. ), 2001). d. In that year she also moved into couture, designing dresses, skirts, and sweaters in jersey, a fabric not previously used in the French fashion houses (J. Baughman (Ed. ), 2001). B. She was the first woman to start a cosmetics line and the first to have a perfume named after her (Brownell, 2009). C. Coco Chanel’s real name is Gabrielle Chanel. . After she left the orphanage, she sang during evening concerts at a fashionable cafe called La Rotonde. 2. According to a quotation from a book â€Å"A Woman of Her Own† by Axel Madsen, â€Å"The only cabaret songs she knew besides â€Å"Qui qu’a vu Coco? † was â€Å"Ko ko ri ko† (Madsen, 26). 3. She earned her nickname ‘Coco’ from the songs tha t she sang at the cafe. Transition: Now that I’ve talked about who Coco Chanel was, now I will discuss her famous fashion product lines. II. What are her famous fashion product lines? A. Chanel No. 5 is one of the most prestigious scents in the world (J. Baughman (Ed. ), 2001) 1. According to â€Å"The Secret of Chanel No. 5†, Chanel No. 5 is sold in nearly every country 2. One bottle is sold every 30 seconds (The Secret of Chanel No. 5). 3. More than 100 million dollars is made each year of this perfume (The Secret of Chanel No. 5). B. Coco Chanel’s â€Å"The Little Black dress† is thought to be element to the world of women’s fashion. 1. Almost a century after its real birthday in 1925, the Little Black Dress (LBD) is still the standard cocktail-party uniform for women the world over (Brownell, 2009). 2. According to Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion, American Vogue described the little black dress as â€Å"The Chanel ‘Ford’-the frock that all the world will wear† (De La Haye, 2005). Conclusion I. Today I discussed who Coco Chanel was, and her famous product lines. II. Coco Chanel brought the world of high fashion to the masses. III. Remember even though Coco Chanel was orphan she overcame and became one of successful women in the world, so do not give up on following your dream like Coco Chanel! References Brownell, G. (2009). Coco Puffs. Newsweek,  154(5), 58-59 Chanel, gabrielle coco. In (2001). J. Baughman (Ed. ),American Decades  (Vol. 3). Gale. Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com. resources. kirkwood. edu/ps/retrieve. do? sgHitCountType=Noneamp;sort=RELEVANCEamp;inPS=trueamp;prodId=GVRLamp;userGroupName=kirkwood_mainamp;tabID=T003amp;searchId=R1amp;resultListType=RESULT_LISTamp;contentSegment=amp;searchType=BasicSearchForm ¤tPosition=3amp;contentSet=GALE|CX3468300801amp;amp;docId=GALE|CX3468300801amp;docType=GALE De La Haye, A. (2005). Chanel, gabrielle (coco). In S. Valerie (Ed. ),  Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion  (Vol. 1, pp. 49-254). Charles Scribners Sons. Retrieved from http://go. galegroup. com. resources. kirkwood. edu/ps/retrieve. do? sgHitCountType=Noneamp;sort=RELEVANCEamp;inPS=trueamp;prodId=GVRLamp;userGroupName=kirkwood_mainamp;tabID=T003amp;searchId=R1amp;resultListType=RESULT_LISTamp;contentSegment=amp;searchType=BasicSearchForm ¤tPosition=1amp;contentSet=GALE|CX3427500122amp;amp;docId=GALE|CX3427500122amp;docType=GALE Madsen , A. (1990). Chanel: A woman of her own. New York: H. Holt. The Secret of Chanel No. 5. (n. d. ). Hudson City School District. Retrieved from http://www. udson. edu/custom_users/mmtech/18011/18011/Chanel_No. 5. html Coco Chanel: My Hero. Retrieved March 6, 2013, from http://www. lovetwenty. com/2012/01/coco-chanel-my-hero/ Chanel Video Podcast. Retrieved March 6, 2013, from http://www. channels. com/episodes/show/13038194/CHANEL-Paris-Shanghai-12#/ajax/feeds/show/598/CHANEL-FASHION Famous French People, Coco Chanel. Retrieved March 6, 2013, from http://www. euroclubschools. org/page45. htm Chanel No. 5. Retrieved March 6, 2013, from http://www. chanel. com/en_US/fragrance-beauty/Fragrance-N%C2%B05-N%C2%B05-8818